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Hormones
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Major Functions
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Chemical Structure
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
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Stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin
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Peptide
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
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Causes release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Peptide
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Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
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Causes release of growth hormone
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Peptide
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Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH) (somatostatin)
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Inhibits release of growth hormone
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Peptide
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
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Causes release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Dopamine or prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)
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Inhibits release of prolactin
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Amine
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Growth hormone
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Stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth of most cells and tissues
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Peptide
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TSH
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Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)
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Peptide
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ACTH
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Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)
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Peptide
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Prolactin
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Promotes development of the female breasts and secretion of milk
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Peptide
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FSH
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Causes growth of follicles in the ovaries and sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes
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Peptide
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LH
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Stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes; stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries
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Peptide
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (also called vasopressin)
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Increases water reabsorption by the kidneys and causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
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Peptide
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Oxytocin
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Stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions
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Peptide
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Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
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Increases the rates of chemical reactions in most cells, thus increasing body metabolic rate
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Amine
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Calcitonin
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Promotes deposition of calcium in the bones and decreases extracellular fluid calcium ion concentration
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Peptide
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Cortisol
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Has multiple metabolic functions for controlling metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; also has anti-inflammatory effects
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Steroid
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Aldosterone
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Increases renal sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and hydrogen ion secretion
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Steroid
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Norepinephrine, epinephrine
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Same effects as sympathetic stimulation
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Amine
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Insulin (β cells)
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Promotes glucose entry in many cells, and in this way controls carbohydrate metabolism
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Peptide
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Glucagon (α cells)
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Increases synthesis and release of glucose from the liver into the body fluids
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Peptide
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Controls serum calcium ion concentration by increasing calcium absorption by the gut and kidneys and releasing calcium from bones
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Peptide
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Testosterone
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Promotes development of male reproductive system and male secondary sexual characteristics
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Steroid
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Estrogens
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Promotes growth and development of female reproductive system, female breasts, and female secondary sexual characteristics
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Steroid
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Progesterone
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Stimulates secretion of “uterine milk” by the uterine endometrial glands and promotes development of secretory apparatus of breasts
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Steroid
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
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Promotes growth of corpus luteum and secretion of estrogens and progesterone by corpus luteum
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Peptide
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Human somatomammotropin
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Probably helps promote development of some fetal tissues as well as the mother’s breasts
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Peptide
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Estrogens
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See actions of estrogens from ovaries
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Steroid
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Progesterone
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See actions of progesterone from ovaries
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Steroid
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Renin
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Catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (acts as an enzyme)
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Peptide
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1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
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Increases intestinal absorption of calcium and bone mineralization
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Steroid
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Erythropoietin
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Increases erythrocyte production
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Peptide
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Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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Increases sodium excretion by kidneys, reduces blood pressure
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Peptide
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Gastrin
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Stimulates HCl secretion by parietal cells
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Peptide
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Secretin
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Stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release bicarbonate and water
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Peptide
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Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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Stimulates gallbladder contraction and release of pancreatic enzymes
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Peptide
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Leptin
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Inhibits appetite, stimulates thermogenesis
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Peptide
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